Cost savings and CO₂ emissions reduction potential in the German district heating system with demand response

Demand response (DR) has been an effective technique to maximize the proportion of renewable energies integrated into energy supply systems. This article investigated benefits DR on three building types (apartment building, office and cultural center) analyzed impacts operation, production costs CO2 emissions district heating (DH) scenarios. The results indicate that application cuts 2.8%–4.9% off for owners based different scenarios types. From perspective DH producers, large-scale reduces total demand by 3.6% 3.9%. It in higher financial benefits, less optimization all maximum generation cost-saving rate is 12.6%, reduce at most 32.3% because a more mix. Moreover, control increases full load operation hours heat pump, leading efficiency, decreases boilers, pollution. indicates effectively fossil fuel usage improves efficiency